FREE IGNOU BECS-184 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-24

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IGNOU BECS-184 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-24
  
Assignments FOR JULY 2023 AND JAN 2024 ADMISSION
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ASSIGNMENT IGNOU BECS-184 Solved Assignment 2023-24
ASSIGNMENT NO BECS-184
SERVICE TYPE Solved Assignment (Soft Copy/PDF)
Programme: BECS-184/2023-24
Course Code BECS-184
SESSION July 2023- January 2024
COURSE TITLE
SUBMISSION DATE  31st APRIL 2024

30th OCTOBER 2024

FREE IGNOU BECS-184 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-24 –

1. (a) To find out the strength of the linear relationship between the time spent playing video games and the test score attained, we can calculate the correlation coefficient (also known as Pearson’s correlation coefficient). The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to +1, where -1 indicates a perfect negative linear relationship, +1 indicates a perfect positive linear relationship, and 0 indicates no linear relationship.

Let’s calculate the correlation coefficient:

Time (in hours): 0 1 2 3 3 5 5 5 6 7 7 10
Test score: 96 85 82 74 95 68 76 84 58 65 75 50

The formula for the correlation coefficient (r) is:

r=         .nxyxy

√(nx2(x)2)(ny2(y)2)

where is the number of data points, is the time spent on playing video games, is the test score attained, denotes summation, and means the sum of the products of and .

Now, substituting the values into the formula:

The correlation coefficient (r) is approximately -0.79. Since it is negative, it indicates a moderately strong negative linear relationship between the time spent playing video games and the test scores attained. As the time spent playing video games increases, the test scores tend to decrease.

(b) To estimate the line of best fit, we can use linear regression. The line of best fit is represented by the equation , where is the test score, is the time spent playing video games, is the slope, and is the y-intercept.

Using the same data as above, we can calculate the slope and y-intercept using the following formulas:

Substituting the values:

m=12×2709−45×856/12×339−45²≈−7.43

b=856−(−7.43×45)/12≈97.82

So, the equation of the line of best fit is .

Now, to find the expected test score for a student who plays video games for 9 hours, we simply substitute into the equation:

Therefore, the expected test score for a student who plays video games for 9 hours is approximately 25.21.

2. To check whether the mean number of words remembered by the participants belonging to the three groups are significantly different, we can perform a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.

First, let’s calculate the mean and standard deviation for each group:

Group A (50 mg): Mean = (7 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 7) / 5 = 8.8, Standard deviation ≈ 2.19
Group B (100 mg): Mean = (11 + 14 + 14 + 12 + 10) / 5 = 12.2, Standard deviation ≈ 1.95
Group C (150 mg): Mean = (14 + 12 + 10 + 16 + 13) / 5 = 13, Standard deviation ≈ 1.92

Now, we can set up the null and alternative hypotheses for the ANOVA test:

Null Hypothesis (H0): The means of the three groups are equal.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): At least one of the group means is significantly different from the others.

Next, we calculate the ANOVA test statistic and the critical value at a significance level of 5%.

The ANOVA test statistic follows an F-distribution. The formula for the test statistic is:

F = MSB/MSW

where MSB is the mean square between groups and MSW is the mean square within groups.

The degrees of freedom (df) for the ANOVA test are:
– df between = k – 1 (number of groups minus 1)
– df within = N – k (total number of observations minus the number of groups)

For this case, k (number of groups) = 3 and N (total number of observations) = 15.

Using the ANOVA formulae, we can calculate the test statistic:

After calculating the values, we compare the test statistic to the critical value from the F-distribution table. If the test statistic is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis, indicating that at least one group mean is significantly different.

Please note that the actual calculations have not been provided, so the results can’t be determined directly. However, this is the general procedure to conduct an ANOVA test for this scenario.

3. (a) A structured

approach to multivariate model building involves a systematic process to develop and refine models that incorporate multiple variables to explain and predict outcomes. It is essential to handle the complexity of multivariate data and understand the relationships between multiple predictors and the response variable.

The structured approach typically involves the following steps:
1. Define the Research Question: Clearly state the research question and the objective of building the multivariate model. Determine the response variable and potential predictor variables to be considered.

2. Data Collection and Preprocessing: Gather the relevant data and perform data cleaning and preprocessing steps. Handle missing values, outliers, and any data inconsistencies.

3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Conduct EDA to understand the distribution, relationships, and patterns in the data. Use graphical and statistical methods to gain insights into the variables.

4. Variable Selection: Select the most relevant predictor variables for the model. This can be done using techniques like correlation analysis, feature importance, or domain knowledge.

5. Model Building: Choose an appropriate multivariate model based on the nature of the data and research question. Common multivariate models include multiple linear regression, logistic regression, principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis, etc.

6. Model Evaluation: Assess the model’s performance using appropriate evaluation metrics, such as R-squared, mean squared error, accuracy, etc. Validate the model using cross-validation techniques.

7. Model Refinement: Iterate the model-building process to refine the model by including additional variables, transforming features, or trying different algorithms. Regularization techniques can also be applied to prevent overfitting.

8. Model Interpretation: Interpret the final model’s coefficients and assess the significance of predictors in explaining the outcome. Understand the practical implications of the results.

9. Model Validation: Validate the final model on a separate test dataset to ensure its generalizability and performance on new, unseen data.

(b) Assumptions of Multivariate Regression Analysis:
1. Linearity: The relationship between the predictors and the response variable is assumed to be linear.

2. Independence: The observations should be independent of each other, i.e., no correlation or autocorrelation between residuals.

3. Homoscedasticity: The variance of the residuals should be constant across all levels of the predictors.

4. Multivariate Normality: The residuals should follow a multivariate normal distribution.

5. No Perfect Multicollinearity: There should be no perfect linear relationship among the predictor variables, as it can lead to unstable estimates.

6. No Endogeneity: The predictors should not be correlated with the error term.

4. (a) Explanation of terms:
a. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): ANOVA is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups to determine if there are significant differences between them. It helps identify whether the variation between the group means is greater than the variation within the groups. ANOVA is commonly used in experimental and survey research to analyze categorical or continuous data.

b. MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance): MANOVA is an extension of ANOVA used when there are multiple response variables (multivariate data) rather than a single dependent variable. It allows researchers to simultaneously test for differences in means across multiple dependent variables while controlling the familywise error rate.

b. Normal Distribution Curve:

The normal distribution curve, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a bell-shaped probability distribution that is symmetric and characterized by its mean and standard deviation. In a normal distribution, the majority of the data falls near the mean, with decreasing probability as the data move away from the mean. Many natural phenomena and statistical processes tend to follow a normal distribution.

c. Snowball Sampling Techniques: Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique used when it is difficult to access a population directly. In this method, one participant is selected initially, and then that participant helps recruit more participants, who, in turn, refer additional participants, creating a chain or “snowball” effect. It is commonly used in studies involving hard-to-reach populations or for exploring hidden communities.

d. Degrees of Freedom: In statistics, degrees of freedom (df) refer to the number of values in a final calculation that are free to vary. In the context of hypothesis testing, degrees of freedom are associated with the sample size and the number of parameters estimated in the analysis. For example, in a t-test, the degrees of freedom are calculated as (n-1), where n is the sample size. In ANOVA, degrees of freedom are calculated for both between-group and within-group variability.

5. Census and Survey:

Census:
– A census is a complete enumeration or count of every individual or item in a given population.
– It aims to gather information from the entire population, leaving no member of the target population out.
– It provides a comprehensive and accurate view of the population’s characteristics and helps in planning and policymaking.
– Conducting a census can be time-consuming, costly, and challenging, especially for large populations.
– Census data is often considered more accurate and reliable since it covers the entire population.

Survey:
– A survey is a method of data collection that involves obtaining information from a sample of individuals or items from the target population.
– Surveys are often used when it is impractical or impossible to conduct a census.
– The sample is carefully chosen to represent the population and draw meaningful conclusions.
– Surveys can be less expensive and time-consuming compared to a census.
– The accuracy of survey results depends on the sample size, sampling method, and the response rate.

Stages involved in planning and organizing censuses and surveys:
1. Define Objectives: Clearly state the objectives of the census or survey and the specific information needed.

2. Sample Design: Determine the sample size and sampling method for surveys. For censuses, this step is not applicable.

3. Questionnaire Design: Develop a well-structured questionnaire that collects relevant and unbiased data.

4. Pre-Testing: Pilot test the questionnaire on a small sample to identify any issues with wording, sequencing, or question format.

5. Data Collection: Conduct the actual data collection process either through interviews, online surveys, or other methods.

6. Data Processing: Clean and organize the collected data to ensure accuracy and consistency.

7. Data Analysis: Analyze the data using appropriate statistical and analytical methods to draw conclusions.

8. Interpretation and Reporting: Interpret the results and present them in a clear and understandable manner.

9. Dissemination: Share the findings with stakeholders and the public through reports, presentations, or publications.

6. Quantitative and Qualitative Research:

Quantitative Research:
– Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to test hypotheses, identify patterns, and quantify relationships.
– It uses structured data collection methods, such as surveys, experiments, and observations.
– The data is analyzed using statistical techniques to draw objective conclusions and make generalizations.
– The emphasis is on objectivity, precision, and replicability.
– Examples of tools used in quantitative research include questionnaires, scales, and statistical software for analysis.

Qualitative Research:
– Qualitative research focuses on understanding human behavior, experiences, and perceptions in-depth.
– It uses non-numerical data such as text, audio, images, and videos.
– Data collection methods include interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and content analysis.
– The analysis involves identifying themes, patterns, and meanings from the data.
– The emphasis is on gaining rich insights

and understanding the context and nuances of the research topic.
– Tools used in qualitative research include interview guides, coding frameworks, and qualitative data analysis software.

7. Differentiations:

a. Type I and Type II Errors:
– Type I Error: Also known as a false positive, it occurs when a null hypothesis that is actually true is rejected. In other words, it is the probability of incorrectly claiming there is a significant effect when there isn’t.
– Type II Error: Also known as a false negative, it occurs when a null hypothesis that is actually false is not rejected. It is the probability of failing to detect a significant effect when there is one.

b. Phenomenology and Ethnography:
– Phenomenology: A qualitative research approach that aims to understand and describe the essence or meaning of lived experiences as perceived by individuals. It seeks to uncover the underlying structures and subjective meanings of phenomena through interviews and observations.
– Ethnography: A qualitative research approach that involves the detailed study of a specific cultural group or community. Ethnographers immerse themselves in the cultural context to observe and document the group’s social practices, beliefs, and behaviors.

c. t-test and f-test:
– t-test: A statistical test used to compare the means of two groups and determine if they are significantly different. It is typically used when comparing means of small sample sizes.
– f-test: A statistical test used to compare the variances of two or more groups or conditions. It is commonly used in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine if there are significant differences between group means.

d. Discrete and Continuous Variable:
– Discrete Variable: A variable that can take on distinct, separate values with no intermediate values. It involves counting or categorizing data. Examples include the number of students in a class or the outcome of a coin toss.
– Continuous Variable: A variable that can take any value within a specific range. It involves measuring data. Examples include height, weight, or temperature, which can take on any value within their respective ranges.

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