IGNOU MEG-04 QUESTION PAPER WITH SOLUTION FOR EXAM PREPARATION

Answer – Phoneme

Answer – consonants

Answer – hard palate

Answer – Intonation

Answer – finite and non-finite

Introduction- what is language? before we try to understand and the answer of this question, let us first understand that why this question is importanat. charles f hocke , an anerican linguist, declared language to be, the most valuable single possession of the human race. no daubt, that ability to use language is one basic distinction  between human and other species of animal, the intensity and importance of language of language can alone be Analysed by humboldt’s statement. man is man through the use of language alone. life must be extremely difficult, if not impossible, without the use of language. but it is so immersed in our lives that we do not care to think about it.

The characteristics of human language;-

It might be difficult to decide what we want to put in the categoty of language. for example can we say that an angry barking dog has language? or when a trained apetries to imitale signs from human sign language, do we call that language? let’s try and compare human language with animals and find our some interesting similarities and dissimilarities between the two.

Use of sound signals :

The most obvious characteristic pf human language is the use of sounds. but this obvious characteristics is not unique to human being and neither it is vey important in human language. it is not unique because it is not only human, but most of the species of animal use sounds as means of communication.   

1. aribitrariness
2. displacement
3. creativity
4. Duality or Double articulation (morphemes and phobemes)
5. Patterning
6. Structure dependence

• Arbitrariness – In human language system, there does not ewwm to be any logical relationship between words are completely arbitrary. there is no logical justification available that why the animal cat is identified by the word cat and not rat. the only exception to this nature of human language is onomatopoeic word , such as hiss, buss, bang etc.
• Duality or double articulation – duality articulation refers to the way in which a stream of language can be divided into units that have meaning in themselves, which further can be divided into meaningless sound units
• Creativity – creativity of human language is again a distinguishing factor from animals. scientific researches on animals have proved that most of the animals are not able to speak something new.
• Displacement– displacement simply refers to the ability to communicate about what is not present. as human language is capable of displacement, man is able to transmit thoughts about thing that cannot be directly perceived.
• Patterning-the concept of patterning is somewhat close to dual articulation. as said earlier that words in language are the combination of sounds but these sounds have to be combined in a definite pattern to produce a meaningful word. for example, sounds/t/, /e/ and /p/ can be combined as /taep/ to make tap or /paet/ to make pat but not as /tae[/ or /ptae/ because the rules of English grammar should not allow these combinations.
• structure dependence – as said that human language follows a certain pattern of word formation as well as sentence structure, sometime one single word can be the structure of group of word, without making any difference in the meaning of the sentence.

Answer – Intonation

Answer –  Vowel glides or mixed vowel sounds

Answer – 12

Answer – Morpheme

Answer – Vowels

Answer – Simple Word

Answer – Bound Morpheme

Answer – finite complement clauses,

The three salient kinds of subordinate finite clauses in English are:
(i) finite complement clauses,
(ii) relative clauses,
(iii) finite adverbial clauses.

Answer – 22

Answer – stress

Answer – a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

Answer – 44

Answer – Letter

Answer – a sentence consisting of a main clause.

Answer – Restrictive and Non-restrictive relative clauses.

Answer –

1 Simple indicative sentences
2 Simple imperative sentences
3 Complex sentences
4 Compound sentences

Answer – A releasing consonant

Answer –  single clause

Answer – Compound Word 

Introduction – we have already seen how different consonant sounds are classified according to different patterns. We will now look at the descriptive classification of vowel sound in english language. To understand the occurrence and function of vowl sound, it is important to introduce the concept of cordinal vowels. To help identify vowels in different languages, phoneticians use a series of reference vowel, called cardinal vowels with which to compare them, these consist of four vowels produced at each extremity of the vowel producing area /i/, /a/, /a/, amd /u/. plus from in intermediate positions which sound equidistant between /i/ and /a/ at the front. These 8 carinal vowels are numbered as follows : 1/i/, 2/e/, 3/e:/, 4/a/, 5/a/, 6/c/, 7/o/, and 8/u/. In addition, equidistant between /i/ and /u/ is the central close vowel/tt/.

The vowel phonemes of eng –

the phonetic symbols – following is the chart of phonetic representation of vowels sound in eng. These symbols are same as given in the oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current english and the englsih pronouncing dictionary by daniel jone.

Vowels monophtongs             initial                   central                               final

i:                                                         eat                              read                            tea

i                                                           it                                 pit                              pretty

e                                                          end                              bend                           _

ae                                                        add                             glad                            _

a:                                                        ask                              task                            star

b                                                          add                             cat                              _

u:                                                        ooze                            rude                            blue

z:                                                        earth                          learn                          stir

disphthongs                                  initial                       central                          final

el                                                        aim                             grade                          stay

al                                                        isle                             bright                           fly

As we know that all vowel sounds in engl lang voiced sounds, therefore it is reasonable to think that during the production of these sounds are discriminated from each other in terms of heights of different pars of tongue and also the shape of lips. one other parmeter to differentiate between the vowels is the length of sounds produced this gives us long and short vowels. let us understand vowel sounds in details.

Classification of english vowel phonemes –

The english vowel phonemes have been classified into the following three groups –

1. front vowels( 9 mouth narrow front) – since the front of tongue assumes various degrees of height inside the mouth, these vowels are termed fromt vowels. these are identified as below.
2. i – as in beat, me, key, receive. people, measle.
3. i: – as in bet, in, pit, gym, mist, city.
4. e – as in bail, ten, great, play, rein, they.
5. e- as in bet, get, set, tell, fell.
6. ae – this ia xombintion of /a/ and /e/. starting on the /a/ and finesh on the /e/, as in at, bat, ass, i, fat, man.

Out these front vowel /i/ and /e/ are highly diphthongal which implies that during their production the tongue glide upword in the mouth so that they end with a much higher sound than the one with which they begin. it may also be pointed out here that english uses various orthographic symbols to represent specially the vowel /i/ ane /e/.

1. central vowel (mouth open half middle)– in articulating these vowels, the central part of the tongue is raised towords a points in the roof of the mouth that lies between the hard palate and the soft polate or velum.. central vowels are identified.
2. back vowels (mouth open back ) – all english back vowels are articulated with the back of the tongue draun back and raised by degress. lip – rounding varies according to the position of the tongue.

There are four back vowels as identified below.

1. w- as in food root, tool, shoes, rouge.
2. u- as in could, would, good, lood, push.
3. o- as in car, laugh, march, calm, alarm.

With these vowels also vowels also the variety of orthographic representations are available and the phonemes /w/ an /d/ are highly diphthongal. both sounds end with the tongue in higher dipthongal. both sounds end with the tongue in higher diphthongal both sounds end with the tongue in higher position an with more lip rounding than they begin with.

Answer – Prefix

Words can be categorized as simple, complex and compound words depending upon the nature of combination of morphemes. It there is just a realization of a free morpheme it can be called as a simple word. A combination of free morpheme and grammatical or bound morpheme will make up a complex word and a combination of two or more free morpheme and grammatical or bound morphemes and one or more bound morphemes will make up a compound word. There are some cases wherein a complex word can be just a combination of two or more bound morphemes. For example, word local. Local is a combination of loc + al,linguists consider loc as a morpheme, but there is no independent use of loc, it must be a realization of a bound morpheme. thus a complex word can be a combination of two or more bound morphemes.

The Number of derivational prefixes is not much. Some common examples are negative prefixes like dis-, un-, in-, etc. apart from adding the negative effect, prefixes are also used for several other purposes. Following are the ways in which prefixes can modify the meaning the meaning of the stem.

1. Negative –

     Common prefixes are un-, a-, in-, dis-, and non-.

2. Reversal and deprivation –

The well-known example is de-, as in dethrone. A part from de-, dis-, and un-, are also used for this purpose. Example are disown, disconnect, unpack, etc.

3. Disparagement –

Common examples are mal-, mis-, pscudo-, etc these are also called pejorative affixes because when combined with stem they add meaning like sad wrong, false etc.

1. Expressing number – bi-, mono-, semi, etc
2. Expressing degree- arch, co-, extra-, etc.
3. Expressing size – micro, mini, macro, etc
4. Expressing rank – super, sub, under, etc,
5. Expressing time and order – ex, fore, pre, etc
6. Expressing location – fore, inter, super, sub,
7. Expressing attitude – pro-, anti-, counter-, etc
8. Expressing orientation- counter-. anti-,

Answer – Complex Word 

Answer – Morphology

Answer – Phonetics

Answer – an arresting consonant

Answer – Suffix

Answer – Free Morpheme

Answer – 44

Answer – Compound Root