Harappan Settlement Pattern: The Harappan civilization featured well-planned urban centers with grid layouts, advanced drainage systems, and standardized brick sizes. These cities, like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, showcased an early form of urbanization and organized living.
Guilds: Guilds were associations of artisans and merchants with shared interests. They regulated production, maintained quality standards, and provided social support. Guilds were essential to the medieval economic framework.
Extent of Cultivation during the Medieval Period: Medieval cultivation varied across regions. Technological innovations like the Persian wheel improved irrigation. Crops included grains, pulses, cotton, and spices. Regional factors influenced the extent of cultivation.
Revenue Assignment during the Medieval Period: Revenue assignment was a key aspect of medieval governance. Land grants, known as assignments, were given for services rendered. These grants supported religious institutions, and Pariharas were used to protect them.
