Research Notes

2. Describe the different stages and procedures for conducting a research.

Answer – The different stages and procedures for conducting a research – Researchers begin with the notion of determinism, the idea that all incidents (physical, mental and behavioral) arise from specific causal factors. Researchers also believe that behavior and mental processes follow the set pattern of relationships that can be researched through research. Psychological research uses the scientific method to test in terms of search and context in terms of search. In the discovery phase of research, observation, belief and information is a new way of thinking about an fact.

1. Theory  –Psychological theories, in general, try to understand how the brain, mind, behavior, and environment work and how they can be related. A particular theory is focused on a more specific aspect of this comprehensive conception, uses a body of interconnected principles to interpret or predict some psychological event. The value of a principle is often measured in terms of new ideas, or hypotheses, which can be obtained and tested. A hypothesis is a temporary and testable interpretation of relations between two or more events or variables. The theory of a subject is the source from where the subject is identified for research. A difference may exist in the knowledge already established and this gap must be overcome. To fill this gap, investigation may be needed through research.
2. Hypothesies –Once the topic is identified for research and is taken for testing, the first step in research is to prepare the hypothesis (s). A hypothesis is a formal positive statement that predicts single research results, a temporary description of the relationship between two or more variables. To give an example, “SDI services, information and research by a information center are used more by senior researchers compared to senior researchers.” To test the hypothesis, the variable should be identified and the operation must be defined. It should also be noted that not all research efforts need to be initiated with the construction of the hypothesis. Occasionally a broad objective may be the starting point for research. For example, in the research project of the College of Aeronautics in Cranfield, England (Cranfield I), and general purpose was to evaluate the relative performance of various indexing methods and systems. Once the hypothesis (es) is ready, the next step is to test the hypothesis (es) for its validity. This is done by identifying the variable and collecting data and facts and systematically gathering them for analysis and study.
3. Variables – A variable is the factor of an element, unit, or a research test, in which quantitative and qualitative values ​​are different. Sometimes, the value of the variable changes during a research project. A large part of the research process measures variation or difference between the variables or between variables. For example, in the Cranfield project, there were variable documents, users, and indexing tools for storage and recovery, etc. The qualitative variables are those which can not be measured in terms of quantities, but only qualitative characteristics can be seen as the colors of difference. The factors of language development in the collection will be only a qualitative measure using a proper measure; While studying the age of users, affiliation with the department, etc., the quantity can be quantitatively measured in terms of numbers. There is a dependent variable users’ needs which can have different values, the evaluation of library and information services is a constant factor in the study. An independent variable is manipulated to investigate its effects on the dependent variable during a probe by a researcher. For example, the types of documents received in the search process can be manipulated in different degrees by means of tools such as miss or precise measures.
4. Data Collection – Once the data or facts are collected systematically and collected in a form that can be studied, then analysis leads to the method of analysis. There are several ways to study both qualitative and quantitative data.
5. Organisation – Data is organized and presented for presenting the appropriate findings and interpretations.
6. Analysis – Since the content should be minimized in the data collection and analysis phases of scientific research, it is used in procedural ways to increase objectivity. This starts with keeping a complete record of security measures and keeping data analyzes in a form that other researchers can understand and evaluate. As a result, most scientific reports are written in a uniform way and published by organizations of scientists. These reports communicate ideas for the entire scientific community and open those ideas for criticism.
7. Interpretation – Similarly, the knowledge of various types of variables and the way they are measured plays an important role in the research. They affect how data can be analyzed, which statistic tests can be applied on the data, can be interpreted. How the data can be presented and what can be concluded.
8. Conclusions –This results in some temporary conclusions that can be refined with the appropriate logic to reach a conclusion. Conclusion can be a generalization, which can be further tested for a problem in its applications
9. New Findings – Generally a research topic is identified for study and research in a discipline, either by creating new ideas or adding existing knowledge to new conclusions, further added into existing knowledge.
10. Generalisation –Conclusion can be a generalization, which can be further tested for a problem in its applications.
11. Test Application – Psychological application to solve problems in different settings
12. Validated findings – This is a general overview, a brief overview of the most important points of the study area.
13. Peer Review – To convey the results for peer review; And
14. Addition to the Pool of Knowledge – Accept or reject before adding this new knowledge to the existing pool of knowledge.