Statistics Notes

Question – Discuss the meaning and types of statistics and describe its scope and use.

Answer – 

Meaning of Statistics – click here

1 Statistics in Singular Sense
2 Statistics in Plural Sense
3 Definition of Statistics

Types of Statistics

1 On the Basis of Function 

Since statistics have some special procedures to deal with its content or data, so three types of data have been described.

A) Descriptive statistics:
The branch which is related to the details of the data received, it is known as descriptive data. Based on these details a particular group of population is defined for such characteristics. Descriptive statistics include tabulation of classification, central tendency and variability. These measures enable the researchers to know about the tendency of the data or the scores, which increase ease in the details of the event.
B) Collaborative statistics:
In this type of data, data obtained for their mutual relationship is disclosed. It contains various types of techniques to calculate the correlations between the data. Co-related data provide details about the sample or population for further analysis of their importance to find out the significance of their differences.
C) Inconsistent statistics:

Uncertainty statistics regarding the large group of people (population) or those events which are related to the drawings of the conclusions about events that occur on the basis of past events, based on the observation of some participants. . It provides tools to calculate the possibilities of future behavior of topics.

2 On the Basis of Distribution of Data –  Based on the distribution of data, parametric and non-parametric statistics are of two classifications. Both are related to population or samples. By population, we mean the number of total objects in a single circle. In general it has an infinite number, but statistics have a finite number of population, such as the number of students in a college. According to Curlingor (1968), “the word of the population and the universe means all members of any class of any well-defined people, events or objects.” In a broader sense, the statistical population can have three types of properties –

(A) limited number of items and knowledgeable,
(B) the finite number of articles, but unknowingly, and
(c) Placing an infinite number of articles.

Scope and Use of Statistics –

There is a wide scope in statistical applications. Some prominent are given below:

1. Policy Planning: In order to finalize a policy, it requires some data from the previous or expected environment, which can be effectively used with the maximum favorable results.
2. Management: Statistics is a very useful tool to monitor the progress of the organization, along with the well being of various aspects and employees of an organization’s work.
3. Behavior and Social Science: In social sciences, where both types of quantities (quantitative and qualitative) are used, statistics help the researchers to understand the patterns of behavior / tendency and to predict the information in a broader way. Where the characteristics of the population being studied are normally distributed, best and statistically significant about the variable being examined using parametric statistics or non-parameter data to explain the patterns of activities Decision is possible.
4. Education: If the purpose of education is to be well-spread and effective in the interest of the population, it is very important to understand the characteristics of the students, the content of the trainers and the infrastructure, and again, to analyze these characteristics in the context of the needs of the nation. Enable in Once the parameters of all the components are analyzed, the areas which emphasize more emphasis becomes apparent.
5. Commerce and Accounting: Where money matters are involved, it is necessary to take extra care to manage the funds in order to properly manage the efforts in different areas. It helps in deciding to spend money from cost and profit analysis and regulate it for the maximum benefit at minimum cost.
6. Industry: Statistics is a basic tool not only in large organizations but also in smaller industries to handle daily matters. At each level, to keep data with care and reduce expenditure, it is necessary to look at them from different perspectives and enable each employee to be able to keep their share in profit. Psychologists / personnel officers associated with selection and training in industries also use statistical instruments to differentiate between employees.
7. Pure Science and Mathematics: Statistical tools are also important for accurate measures in pure sciences and to see the differences on different occasions in different situations. Statistics itself is a branch of mathematics that helps them to understand the difference between the properties of various applications in mathematics.
8. Solving the problem: Knowing the useful difference between two or more variables enables the person to find out the best solution for the problem situation and it is possible due to statistics. While solving the problem, statistics help the person to analyze the pattern and correct solution of the reaction, thereby reducing the error factor.
9. Theoretical research: Theories develop on the basis of the facts obtained from the field. Statistical analysis establishes the importance of those facts for a particular paradigm or event. Researchers are engaged in using statistical measures to make decisions on facts and figures whether a particular principle can be maintained or challenged. The importance of the facts and factors helps them to find out the connectivity between them.